HAAS, Peter F., was born in Detroit, Michigan, April 9, 1852.  While a lad he attended the city schools, and in 1874 was graduated from the Northwestern college at Napierville, Illinois.  He then taught school until 1878, studying law during the time.  In 1879 he was admitted to the bar, and practiced law at Grundy Center, Iowa, until 1880.  On the 22d day of February of that year he arrived at Lennox, Lincoln county, Dakota, where he remained ten years, practicing law.  In February, 1890, he purchased the Dakota Deutsche Zeitung, published at Sioux Falls, and after changing its name to that of Dakota Staats Zeitung, has continued its publication to the present time.  Mr. Haas is quite an able editorial writer, and is not only a good newspaper man but also a good citizen and takes an active part in all local matters.

HARE, Rt. Rev. W.H., D.D., Missionary Bishop of South Dakota, took up a profession which had been a favorite one with his ancestors and connections.  His father was the Rev. George Emlen Hare, D.D., LL. D., late professor in the Philadelphia Divinity school, and was one of the American committee on the revision of the Authorized Version of the Bible.  His grandfather, on his mother’s side, was the celebrated Bishop Hobart of New York; his great-grandfather, the Rev. Thomas Bradbury Chandler, D.D., famous as one of the staunchest churchmen of Colonial days.  His wife, who died a few years after their marriage, was a daughter of  the Rt. Rev. M.A. DeWitt Howe, Bishop of Central Pennsylvania, by his first wife, Julia Amory.
     Bishop Hare was born in Princeton, New Jersey, May 17, 1838.  He took Holy Orders in the Episcopal church as soon as his age permitted, being ordained Deacon June 19, 1859, and Priest May 25, 1862.  After holding two parochial cures he was appointed secretary and general agent of Foreign Missionary work of the Episcopal church.  After he had been engaged in this work for a year, the House of Bishops in the general convention of 1871 nominated him to the House of Deputies for the Missionary Bishoprick of Cape Palmas, on the west cost of Africa, but withdrew their nomination on the earnest representations of the deputies that his services were invaluable to the church in the office which he held.
     A year later, All Saints Day, 1872, however, the Bishops elected him Missionary Bishop of Niobrara, that being for ecclesiastical purposes the name of a missionary district of the church in Dakota chiefly occupied by wild Indian tribes.
     He was consecrated in St. Luke’s church, Philadelphia, January 9, 1873, being next in order in the line of Bishops to his father-in-law, Bishop Howe, and the one-hundredth Bishop in the American line.
     On the 10th day of January, 1888, the fifteenth anniversary of Bishop Hare’s consecration was celebrated in Sioux Falls.  Services were held in Calvary Cathedral, on which occasion the Bishop gave a brief account of his election as Missionary Bishop and the work he had done in performing the duties of this important office.  The writer at the time was greatly impressed with the idea that no person situated as Bishop Hare was at the time of his election, possessing such rare qualities to command the most desirable positions in his chosen profession, could possibly have accepted the office, advised as he was of its privations and hardships, except form a profound sense that duty called him to make the sacrifice.
     This address was published at the time, and the writer, recently reviewing it, came to the conclusion that he could do no better service to the readers of this work than to give them the main facts in the language of the distinguished prelate, who has done so much to advance civilization in the territory over which he was called to minister.  The Bishop spoke in substance as follows:
     This anniversary, which you, my dear friends, have kindly come together to make memorable, seems not only to justify, but to invite from me some personal reminiscences and some retrospective glances at the work in which as Bishop I have been engaged.
     On all Saints Day (Nov. 1), 1872, I was waited upon by the members of the Commission then charged with the care of the Church Indian Mission work, and informed that the House of Bishops had elected me to be Missionary Bishop of Niobrara.
     Niobrara was the name of a river running along the border line between Nebraska and Dakota, and had been chosen as a convenient term in Ecclesiastical nomenclature for the large tract of country of which then little was known, save that it stretched northward from the river Niobrara, and was roamed over by the Poncas and different tribe of Sioux and Dakota Indians.
     The Jurisdiction proper of the Missionary Bishop of Niobrara was originally a tract of country bounded “on the east by the Missouri river; on the south by the State of Nebraska; on the west by north by the 46th degree of north latitude; including also the several Indian Reservations on the left bank of the Missouri, north and east of said river.”  In order to give unity and compactness to the effort of the church for the Indian tribes, the Missionary Bishop of Niobrara was also authorized to take charge of the Rocky Mountains, as might be transferred to his oversight by the Bishops within whose Jurisdiction such work might lie.
     The news was utterly unexpected, and fell upon me like a thunderbolt from a clear sky.  The honor was almost too much for my small stock of virtue.  I was at the time Secretary and General Agent of the Foreign Mission Work of this Church, and deeply immersed, body, mind and heart in the work of making known the Gospel among the heathen in distant lands.
     My first thought was to decline; and I informed my visitors that it would take me but a few hours to decide, and that if the House of Bishops would remain in session, they should have my answer without delay.  But the House had done its duty and adjourned, and left me to decide what was mine.  The call was most solemn.  It was from an authority that was next to that of the Head of the Church Himself.  It came to one who held the opinion that the opposition of the individual judgment and will to the summons of the Church is almost fatal to her prompt and efficient conduct of her Missionary campaign, and should never be ventured except for reasons of paramount importance.
     As I afterwards came to see, I had been led through a course of preparation for such a summons.  Though born and bred at the East, I had spent six months in Michigan and Minnesota, 1863, and there seen something of the Indian problem.
     I had seen that there was nothing in the van of civilization to ameliorate the condition of the Red man, because the van of civilization is often its vilest offscourings; that its first representatives generally despise the Indians, and condescend to them in nothing but the gratification of inordinate appetites and desires; and that when civilization of a better class appears, it is too often so bent on its own progress, and so far from helpful or kindly, that its advance, like that of a railroad train at full speed, dashes in pieces those unlucky wanderers who happen to stand in its way, and leaves the others with only a more discouraging sense of the length of the road, and the slowness with which they make their way along it.
     I thought then, I think now, that good and patriotic men cannot blink the Indian problem.  It stares them in the face.  If ever the warning of the wise man be in season, it is in this case.  “If thou forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death, and those that are ready to be slain; if thou sayest, Behold, we knew it not; doth not He that pondereth the heart consider it? And He that keepeth thy soul, doth not he know it? And shall not He render to every man according to his works?”
     Discussions of the probably future of the Indians were, it seemed to me, beside the question, and dangerous because they drown the call of present duty.  Suppose these people be designed by Providence to be hewers of wood and drawers of water.  Our duty is to fit them for that lot.  Suppose that they are to be merged in our more numerous race.  Our duty is to fit them for that absorption by intermarriage, and so arrest the present vicious intermingling.  Suppose that they are to die out.  Our duty is to prepare them for their departure.  Our duty is the plainer, because the treatment which will fit these people for any one of these lots will fit them for either of the others.
     The issue of all my cogitating was –I accepted the appointment.
     The presiding Bishop determined upon Thursday after the Feast of the Epiphany, January 9th, 1873, as the time, and St. Luke’s church, Philadelphia, with which I had been intimately connected in my early ministry, as the place for my consecration, and I was then and there duly consecrated.
     My grandfather, Bishop Hobart of New York, had been distinguished for his missionary efforts in behalf of the Indians, the Oneidas and other tribes of the Six Nations in New York, and these Oneidas had been removed to Wisconsin, and were to be placed under the care of his grandson.  In fact, my first visitation on leaving the East was to the Oneida Mission.  Many whom Bishop Hobart confirmed in New York state fifty years before, brought their grandchildren to be confirmed by his grandson.

VISIT TO THE INDIAN TERRITORY
     I was desirous of studying the condition of the semi-civilized Indians before going to the wilder tribes of the Northwest, and therefore first made a visit to the Indian Territory of the Southwest.  While I was en route, the whole country was plunged into a frenzy of excitement, and of denunciation of the whole Indian race, by the Modoc massacre, and the mouths of many sober men were filled with calls of revenge, such as at other times they were wont to denounce as the characteristic of the vindictive Sioux.  The general of the army telegraphed a subordinate that he would be “fully justified in the utter extermination” of the Modocs.  Friends wrote me that a blow had been struck at all efforts for the Indians which was simply fatal, conclusive; and that it would be folly in me to persist.  I pressed on, nevertheless, only lamenting that the treachery of a handful of Indians was allowed by an intelligent people to govern opinion, while the good behavior of tens of thousands of Indians was utterly forgotten.
     From the Indian Territory I made my way to Dakota, like Abraham, who went out not knowing whither he went.  I reached Yankton City, April 29, 1873.  A military officer, to whom I was there introduced as being the Missionary Bishop to the Indians, somewhat bluntly replied: “Indeed!  I don’t envy you your task.”  I recalled the words, “Let not him who putteth on his armor boast himself as he that putteth it off,” and simply replied, “A minister, like a military officer, obeys orders.”  Whatever was uncertain, I was at least sure of my commission.
NIOBRARA MISSION
     From Yankton I passed up the Missouri river, along which the main body of the missionary enterprise of our church among the Indians was then located.  I found that missionary work had been established on the Santee, Yankton, and Ponca Reserves, and three brave young deacons, fresh from the Berkeley Divinity School, has the previous fall, pressed up the river and begun the task of opening the way for missionary effort among the Indians of the Lower Brule, the Crow Creek and the Cheyenne River Reserves.
          Altogether there were, besides three natives, five white clergymen and five ministering women.  I could not then, I cannot now, admire enough the courage with which these Soldiers of Christ had entered upon the work and the fortitude with which they persevered in it.  Their entrance upon it was largely, of necessity, a leap in the dark, and their continuance in it a groping where there was no light and no trodden way.  They had made the wild man their companion, an unknown heathenism their field of labor, and the wilderness their home.  Nor could I but wonder at the grand faith, the dauntless conviction of duty and the tremendous moral energy of the one man –William Welsh- who had both excited and backed their efforts by his zeal, his counsel and his wealth.
     The missionaries above referred to have since been joined by others of like spirit with the best of them.  They deserve the encomium which I admiringly bestowed upon them in one of my annual reports; “Brave leaders in the van-guard of civilization!  Patient pioneers removing prejudices and other obstructions, and preparing the way for day schools and boarding schools and all the good things that accompany the progress of the King!  Faithful guides, too, to the Indians amidst the perplexities which surround them, especially as they pass through their present transition stage.”
     But what about the Indians?  I had read much of what had been written by delighted visitors of the heartiness and reverence with which the services of the church were rendered by these humble people.  And all that was ever written I found more than realized, when it was my privilege to kneel with them in their little sanctuaries.  I could understand how the brave, self-denying missionaries to whom I had come could feel regarding their converts as the Apostle exclaims, “What thanks can we render to God for all the joy where-with we jot for your sakes before our God?”  I found that a great deal of true and effective work had been done-work which affected the whole after history of the Mission.
     It was not long before I saw both sides of Indian life.  The better side:  Said a shrewd Christian Yankton chief, as I was about to leave the rude chapel erected among his people:  “Stop, friend, I have a few words to say.  I am glad to hear you are going to visit the wild, upper tribes.  Companies of them often come down to visit my band, and I always take them to see this chapel.  I think a good deal depends upon the impression my chapel makes on them.  I think if it was put in better order it would make a better impression than it does.  The rain and snow come through the roof.  This floor is not even.  Now, you are called an Apostle.  That is a good name.  I believe it means, ‘one sent.’  But there are many people to whom you are sent to whom you cannot go; for they are wild people.  But these visitors of mine go everywhere and tell everywhere what they have seen.”  The wilder side, too, I saw; for among the Lower Brules, a fellow rode up by the side of our party with an airy, reckless, dare-devil manner, and remarked, as he flourished his weapon; “I want my boy to go to school, but I am an old man.  I am wounded all over.  I like to fight,  I love war.  I went off the other day among some grange Indians.  They said:  ‘Go away, or we’ll kill you.’  ‘Kill away,’ said I, ‘that’s what I like.’  He was a type of hundreds and thousands.  But is it an unheard-of-thing for white men to hate the restraints of religion and morality for themselves, and yet wish them for their children?
     The scenes grew wilder as I pushed farther on.  A service held at the Cheyenne River Agency, in the open air, left a deep impression on my mind.  It was a strange scene.  In front of us, forty or fifty feet distant, rolled the Missouri River.  Nearer at hand, grouped in a semi-circle, fringed with a few curious soldiers and employees of the Agency, sat the Indians; many bedecked with paint and feathers and carrying guns and tomahawks; some in a comber guise, betokening that they were inclining to the white man’ ways; wile all gaze, apparently half amused, half awe-struck, at the vested Missionary of the station as he sang the hymns and offered the prayers of the church, and then at the Indian Deacon and at me as we spoke the words of life.
PLANS OF WORK
     After a study of the field, and much conversation with the clergy, I reached some conclusions and began to lay out settled plans of work.
     First-Mapping out the filed.  I soon saw that my work was not to be that of a settled pastor in daily contact with his flock; but that of a general superintendent whose duty it would be to reach the people through their pastors, not so much to do local work, as to make local work possible and easy for others.
     The whole field was therefore mapped out into divisions, these divisions being ordinarily the territory connected with a United States Indian Agency.  The special care of each of them was entrusted to one experienced Presbyter, and around him were grouped the Indian ministers and catechists, and others who were engaged in evangelistic work within his division.  Their pay I arranged should pass to them not directly from me, or from the board, but through the hand of the Presbyters immediately over them, that the responsibility of the assistants to their chief might be duly felt.  The assistants were to reside near their several chapels and conduct the services there, and monthly the chief missionary was to make his visitation, for the purpose of ministering the word and sacraments, and in inspecting the condition of his field.  The whole field was soon, in this way put in manageable shape.
     Second-Boarding Schools.  My visit to the Indian territory and my study of the Indian problem in my own field, convinced me quite early that the boarding school ought to be one of the most prominent features of our missionary work.
     I thought that children gathered in such schools would soon become, in their neat and orderly appearance, their increasing intelligence, and their personal testimony to the loving and disinterested lives of the missionaries with whom they dwelt, living epistles, known and read of their wilder brethren.  They would form the nuclei of congregations at the chapels connected with the schools, and learn to carry on with spirit the responses and music of the services.
     I also proposed to establish a central boarding school of higher grade, at the place of the bishop’s residence, to be conducted under his immediate supervision, to which the other schools should be tributary by furnishing their most promising boys for education as teachers, cathechists, and missionaries.
     The plan was carried out, and thus grew up the St. Paul’s, St. Mary’s, St. John’s, and Hope Indian boarding schools, which, under their respective hears, have won a deservedly high reputation.  St. Paul’s boarding school was the first venture in this line, among the Indians in South Dakota.
     The last feature of the plan was modified later when the establishment at the East of school for the Indians, like Hampton Institute, offered peculiar advantages in the way of higher education.  It seemed wiser to send out the Indian country, to these schools, the pupils who had proved themselves of most promise and most likely to develop into teachers and ministers.
     Third-Limitation.  I next realized that, as no man can do everything, I must eliminate from my plan of work those things which it was not absolutely necessary for me to do, and devote my attention to those things which no one else could or would do, and to the things most essential in one holding the position and placed in the conditions in which I found myself.
     There stretched before me vast tracts of wild country inhabited by roaming tribes.  It was to be my duty to explore them and make a way for the entrance of the church.  There were in the whole district bur five churches and but two dwellings for the missionaries, and not a single boarding school.  The missionary board employed no business agent in the field, and I saw that I must be a builder of parsonages, schools, and churches.  There were but seven clergymen in the mission; I saw that I must seek out, or raise up, more.  Obstacles of varied and peculiar nature met the workers at every turn.  I saw that I must be their friend, counselor, and comforter – a real pastor of pastors-if I could be.  Large funds would be needed.  I was made to feel that it was left largely to me to raise them.  “The mission had two ends.”  I was told; “one was in the East, where the money was, and the other was in the Indian Territory, where the work was.  I was expected to look after both ends.”
     I gave up, therefore, all thought of ever learning the several native languages with which I was confronted, except so far as necessary in order to read the vernacular service.  It is my associates, and not I, who have mastered the native languages, and proclaimed it to the Indians, in their own tongue, the wonderful works of God.
     From the first, I struggled against the notion that we were missionaries to Indians alone and not missionaries to all men; I pressed the study of the English language and its conversational use in our schools, and, however imperfect my efforts, the aim of them has been to break down “the middle wall of the partition” between whites and Indians, and to seek not the welfare of one class or race, but the common good.
NATURE OF THE MISSION UNDERTAKING
     The character of the work to be done appears form the fact that the Indians with whom the Mission ahs to deal, were some of the most reckless and the wildest of our North American tribes, and scattered over a district some parts of which were twelve days’ travel distant from others.  So desolate was the country that on one of my trips I remember not seeing a human face or a human habitation, not even an Indian lodge, for eight days.  Emissaries of evil had reached the Indians long before the missionaries of the Cross appeared.  “All the white men that came before you,” replied a chief, “said that they had come to do us good, but they stole our good and corrupted our women; and how are we to know that you are different?”

RESULTS

     Such were some of the difficulties, but notwithstanding them all, and despite all shortcomings, the missionaries have penetrated the most distant camps and reached the wildest of the tribes.  We have mission now among the Sissetons, Wahpetons, Blackfeet, Sans Arcs, Oncpapas, Minneconjoux, Two Kettles, Upper Brules, and Ogalalas.
     The blessing which has attended the labors of the missionaries appears form the fact that in 1872 there were but six congregations, and in 1887, there were forty-five.
     Twelve years ago there was not to be found among any of these Indians, a single boarding school!  We have now four in successful operation, with about forty children in each.
     We have three commodious, substantial, boarding school building, the fourth is conducted in a government building and a vast and one desolate country is dotted over with thirty neat church and chapels, and eighteen small but comfortable mission residences.  No recess in the wilderness is so retired that you may not, perhaps, find a little chapel in it.  All these building have been erected without government subsidies, by the gifts of generous friends.
     The clergy have presented for confirmation during my Episcopate, nearly fifteen hundred candidates; seven faithful Indians are serving in the sacred ministry, four having died; and the offerings of our native Christians have increased since we were able to make a systematic effort in this behalf, as indicated in the following statement:
1881………. $585    1885……… $1,801
1882………  960    1886………   2,000
1883……… 1,217    1887……….  2,500
1884………. 1,514
     The money for all the thirty church and eighteen parsonages referred to above, except three, passed through my hands, and the buildings were put up under my supervision.  I know, therefore, their condition, and am glad to report that they are all of them entirely free form encumbrance and debt of any kind, except one of the Santee chapels, on which the Western Church Building society hold a mortgage of $100.

AN EASTERN DEANERY

     If I had not discovered it before, the events of 1875 made it plain that I should soon be the messenger of the church to white people as well as Indians.
     The discovery of gold, in 1875, in a part of the great Sioux reservation known as the Black hills, set a large part of our western population aflame, and hundreds of adventurers during that year, in open violation of the law and the proclamation of the executive, invaded this portion of the Indian’s land and took possession of it.
     I was outspoken in denunciation of this flagrant violation of the sacred obligations of a great to a weak people.  I foresaw, however, that no power on earth could shut our white people out form that country if it really contained valuable deposits of gold or other mineral.  I went, therefore, to Washington and urged upon the president that a commission of experts should be sent out to explore the country, and that, should they report the presence of gold, steps should be taken to secure a surrender of the tract in question from the Indians, on equitable terms.  This was eventually done.
     The government had at first been prompt and decided in requiring the removal of intruders; then it weakened and prevaricated; and soon the desire for the acquisition of this country was so ardent and influential that the government was practically driven to negotiate with the Indians to secure a voluntary sale of the coveted territory, as the only resort form the danger of a popular movement which should snatch it from them by force.
     The Black Hills were thus thrown open to settlement, and I made there my first effort in the line of establishing the church among the white people of Dakota.
     In 1883 an important step was taken by the House of Bishops, which gave my missionary district its present size and shape.  The house passed the following resolutions:
     Resolved,  That the boundaries of the Missionary Jurisdiction of Niobrara be so changed as to make it identical in outline and area with that portion of the Territory of Dakota lying south of the forty-sixth parallel of latitude, and so as to include the Santee Indian reservation in Nebraska
     Resolved,  That the name of this jurisdiction be changed from Niobrara to South Dakota.
     The change was altogether acceptable to me.  It was an evidence of confidence at a time when a number of influences and schemes, to whose success my presence and continuance in office were a menace, had combined against me, and had culminated in an onslaught which had met a temporary success. The change detached from my district, territory on the north, remote, and, to me, difficult of access, and it gave me country on the east, near at hand and on the line of railroads, thus making it possible for me to do twice the amount of work with little increase of travel or labor, and it gave me the opportunity and privilege of active intercourse with the people whoa re to control the destiny of this part of our land, a people of high intelligence and wonderful enterprise.
     I received a cordial welcome to the new part of my filed, from the clergy and the people.  If preferences had been thwarted by my appointment, the fact was kindly forgotten, or considerately hidden from my eye.  I had soon met each and every one of the missionaries in their respective fields and drunk in their counsel.  All felt cheered that the Church had at last bought the Mission in Dakota out from a corner, and all had a mind to work.
     I found the condition of the new district assigned me that of depression.  Dakota, in the days of its quickest growth, had been allowed to remain as an appendage to Nebraska –of itself a huge diocese-and dragged after a Bishop whose rare gifts of mind and heart were overtaxed by the imperative demands of his own diocese.  When opportunities had been great and others had been busy, our church had been comparatively inactive.
     I thought that some one palpable want should be met in some distinct, striking way, met immediately, met well, met completely.  If this were done, it would show that, notwithstanding past inactivity, we were ready to make brave ventures and could do good things well.  It would thus inspire enthusiasm and confidence.
     With this end in view, All Saints School was undertaken.  I hoped to be able to push it to completion without delay, to make it a building which would attract eh eye and win admiration, and dedicate it free form any and every kind of lien and encumbrance.  The enterprising and generous spirit of the people of Sioux Falls, and the munificient gifts of friends at the East, enabled me to carry out my design.  The corner stone was laid September, 1885, and stands to-day, with the five-acre tract on which it is placed, free from encumbrance of every kind.  Better than this, a faculty has been drawn thither which, in the best spirit, works together harmoniously and efficiently, toward noble ends, in the development of the mind and character of the young.
     More important, however, than this enterprise, though not a work that could be taken in hand and completed with dispatch like a building, was the reinforcement of the little band of faithful clergy.  There were but nine in the whole Eastern Deanery, and one of these was preparing to withdraw.  The securing of clergymen has been my most difficult task.  There was but little, in a worldly way, to offer.
     Nevertheless, my call was listened to, and there is nothing in my work which gives me so much comfort, and so much makes me think I may be good for something, as the character of the clergymen who have joined our ranks.
    I begin to have a feeling that, whatever difficulties are ahead, we are dear brethren, “out of the woods.”  We know what we have to do.  We are resolved to do it.  We feel the glow, at least sometimes, of new life.  We are making headway.  The accession to our ranks of eleven valuable clergymen; the building of eight churches, five more being under way; the erection of three rectories; the passage of three missions from a state of dependence into a condition of self-support; the establishment of a boarding school of high grade, and the erection of a noble building for its use, tell their own conclusive story.

CONCLUSION

     For all this work in both Deaneries, and for all that the clergy and my other fellow workers have done to affect it, I am profoundly thankful.  I am not elated.  One of my maxims has always been the quaint old saying:  “In woe, hold out; in joy, hold in.”
     As I look back upon the past, there rise up before my mind’s eye, periods of physical inability which must have made me seem a drag upon the enterprises of my brethren, and must have sorely taxed their patience; shortcomings so grevious that I must have seemed a cumberer of the ground; want of thoughtfulness for my associates, which must have made them think me hard-hearted.  I can only say, “Enter not into judgment with thy servant, O Lord, for in thy sight shall no man living be justified.”
     Since the delivery of the foregoing address, in addition to his work in South Dakota, Bishop Hare has spent several months in active work in Japan.  He was elected on February 4, 1891, by the House of Bishops, by a unanimous vote, to proceed as early as possible to the Empire of Japan as its accredited representative in all matters and for all purpose that might arise, but especially to exercise such charge and oversight of the missionary jurisdiction of Yeddo as might be practicable, and to act provisionally until a bishop should be elected and consecrated for such jurisdiction, or until he should resign his commission.  This action by the House of Bishops was heartily indorsed by the Board of Mangers of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society.
     Although at this time the South Dakota Mission under his charge was passing through a depressing ordeal, resulting from an outbreak of the Indians in the Niobrara Deanery, and a severe drought in the Eastern Deanery, Bishop Hare, in compliance with what he thought to be his duty, set sail from San Francisco on the 10th day of March, 1891, and returned to Sioux Falls on the 20th day of August, following, having spent the months of April, May, June and July in active work in the field.  In January, 1892, he again went to Japan, remaining there until March 2, then visited China, and returned to Japan, March 25, and after holding a convocation at Tokio, set sail for San Francisco, March 31, 1892.  During his stay in Japan he confirmed four hundred and fifteen person, licensed upward of thirty Catechists, and ordained six Deacons.
     This commission to Bishop Hare was a great compliment, coming from the source it did and manner in which it was conferred.
     Another very appropriate and beautiful compliment was paid the Bishop at a great triennial convention of the Episcopal church held at Washington, D.C., in October, 1898.  In commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his consecration, and the great work performed by him among the Indians, he was presented with a “Loving Cup” engraved as follows:  “The Right Reverend William Hobart Hare, D.D.  From Friends Who Love Him.  1873-1898.”   It is a silver cup, or urn, with three handles, and stands eleven inches high, with a width of six and a half inches at the brim, and a depth of nine inches to the bowl.
     It would not be just to the Bishop, to omit mentioning the stand he has taken upon the question of divorce.  He has not only from the pulpit severely criticized the laws of South Dakota in reference to divorce, but has during the sessions of the legislature visited Pierre and brought his great influence to bear upon the pending legislation in reference to the subject.  He is a recognized leader of those persons in South Dakota who are opposed to the enactment of such laws as would induce parties desiring a divorce to take up a temporary residence within her border for such purpose.
     In concluding this biographical sketch, it is a pleasure to add that his multitude of friends in South Dakota are rejoiced that the good Bishop, notwithstanding the severe hardships and exposures endured by him, still retains such a measure of health and vigor as to warrant the expectation that he will, for many years to come, be spared to work in the great field committed to his charge.

HARRIS, Joshua B., was born at Franconia, Grafton county, New Hampshire.  He attended common schools and worked on a farm until twenty-one years of age, and then went to New York city where he remained four years when he returned to his old home and worked on his father’s farm two years.  In 1852 went to Watertown, Wisconsin, where he remained two years and then took up and lived on a farm in Goodhue county, Minnesota, four years.  In 1858 he went to Colorado, where he resided until 1861, then returned to Wisconsin and in October of that year enlisted in Co. D, 16th Wisconsin, and served through the war.  He held a non-commissioned office in his company at the time of his discharge.  At the close of the war he returned to Watertown, Wis., and resided there three years, and then went to Owatonna, Minnesota, where he lived until he removed to this county, arriving in Sioux Falls on the 20th day of March, 1877.  He took up a homestead in Wellington township, where he resided four years and then removed to Sioux Falls.  On the 1st day of February, 1893, he went to the Soldiers’ Home, and in 1895 was appointed sergeant at the home, which position he still holds.  His family resides in the city of Sioux Falls.  He is an honest, upright man, and a good citizen.

HARRISON, Charles M., was born in Springfield, Ohio, June 22, 1857.  In his early youth he attended the common schools and then entered Moore Hill College, where he was graduated on his seventeenth birthday.  He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced his profession at Lebanon, Indiana, until he removed to Dakota.  He located at Huron on the 17th day of February, 1882, as the manager of the F.T. Day Loan Agency, and remained there in that capacity ten years.  He was a member of the house of representatives of the South Dakota legislature in 1891.  On the 15th day of April, 1893, he removed to Sioux Falls and opened a real estate and loan office.  He is a general manager of the loan department of the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn., for the states of Minnesota and South Dakota.  Mr. Harrison is a wide-awake business man, an enterprising citizen and has a wide circle or warm friends.

HAWKINS, Robert C., was born at Plattsburg, Clinton county, New York, July 23, 1825; removed to Illinois in 1844, and from there to Richland Centre, Wisconsin, a few years after, where he engaged in farming and worked at his trade of mason.  While there, held several local official positions, was chairman of the town board of supervisors, town clerk, town treasurer, chairman of the county board, justice of the peace and sheriff of Richland county one term.  After the breaking out of the war in 1861 he raised the first company from Richland county and went out as captain of Co. H, 5th Wisconsin and served nearly two years, when he was discharged, owing to disabilities contracted in the service.
     Soon after the close of the war he removed to Woodstock, Wis., where he engaged in the mercantile business; came to Sioux Falls in September, 1872, and worked at his trade for two or three months.  His last job was at Joseph Davenport’s place, where he was compelled to remain two or three days after his work was done, owing to a blizzard.  He soon after started for Wisconsin, via St. Paul, and was a week getting to that city.  He finally arrived in Wisconsin and on the 23d day of December married Harriet Albertson.  The following spring (1873), returned to Sioux Falls, where he has since resided.  He took up a homestead in Wayne, the south half of the southeast one-fourth of section 33 and the south half of the southwest one-fourth of section 34, which he now owns.  He worked at his trade for about two years, in Sioux Falls; in 1874 was elected justice of the peace and held that office, except one term, until elected police justice when the city was incorporated in 1883, and held this office until April, 1894.  He has also held the office of probate judge of Minnehaha county eight years.  He is well known in Masonic circles, and the prosperity of this order in Sioux Falls is in no small measure due to his untiring zeal in its behalf.  He is highly respected as a neighbor and citizen.

HIGBY, George M., was born at Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts, December 20, 1854.  In his early youth he attended the public schools, but was thrown upon his own resources to obtain a livelihood when less than fifteen years old.  In 1870, he went into the employ of the Estey Organ Company located at Brattleboro, Vermont, and remained with them until he removed to Sioux Falls in January, 1890.  While a resident of Brattleboro he was one of the trustees of the village for three years, auditor seven years, and treasurer and clerk two years; the two last named offices he resigned when he went West.  From 1890, until 1894, he was engaged in stenographic work in connection with E.P. White.  Upon Judge Jones assuming the duties of circuit judge he received the appointment of stenographer for the circuit court in the second judicial circuit, which position he now holds.  He is a good citizen, and makes a good official.

HERRON, Frank G., was born at LaCrosse, Wis., August 16, 1857; moved with his parents to Topeka, Kansas, and from there to Ohio, and from Ohio to Indianola, Iowa, in 1869; was educated in the public schools, and commenced to learn the printer’s trade in 1874, which occupation he has since followed.  On the 18th day of July, 1888, came to Sioux Falls and was employed as foreman by Sam T. Clover, in his printing establishment, and remained as such until T.H. Brown went into the printing business when he became his foreman, and has held the same position with Brown & Saenger since the firm was established.  He is a member of the A.O.U.W., the Typographical Union, and the Royal Arcanum, of which he is also the secretary.  Mr. Herron is socially up to the standard, is a pleasant man to do business with, and is a highly respected citizen.

HINDE, Edmund C., was born in England June 16, 1854; received a classical education, and upon attaining his majority entered the civil service as assistant auditor in the post office department, where he remained several years; came to the United States in 1886, and engaged in farming in Minnesota until the fall of 1892, when he came to Sioux Falls; in February, 1893, was employed in the county treasurer’s office as bookkeeper, and just before the close of Charles L. Norton’s term as county treasurer in 1894, was appointed deputy treasurer, which position he held for a few months under John Mundt’s administration,  and then again became the bookkeeper of the office.  Soon after Mr. Langness assumed the office of county treasurer, he was again appointed deputy treasurer, and has held that position since then.  Mr. Hinde is a gentleman on all occasions, and is popular with the people with whom he has business relations.  He is highly respected as a citizen.

HODGE, George Albert, is a native of Ontario county, N.Y., and was born March 28, 1808.  He attended school and worked on a farm until fourteen years old, when he commenced work at the blacksmith’s trade.  Upon attaining his majority he engaged in blacksmithing in his native state for several years, and then moved to Salem, Kenosha county, Wis., where he continued in the same business until he had fully completed forty years in this trade.  He was postmaster at Salem eight years; justice of the peace twenty-two years, and held other town offices.  After leaving Salem he resided in Chicago three years, and at Freeport, Ill., and Sioux City, Ia., for a short time.  He came to this county and located at Sioux Falls December 29, 1879, where he has since resided.  Notwithstanding his great age he is frequently seen upon the streets, and the elasticity of his step and his general bearing would indicate that he has twenty years younger than his actual age.  He is a highly respected citizen.

HOLLISTER, Frederick H., was born in Rockford, Illinois, August 21, 1865.  He attended the public schools and completed his education at a business college, where he was graduated.  In 1888 he came to Sioux Falls, and with his brother, W.C., engaged in the loan business.  When the State Banking and Trust company was organized he became its cashier, and has remained as such since that time.  He is a first-class business man and a popular citizen.

HOLLISTER, William C., is a native of Rockton, Illinois, and was born on the 18th day of November, 1863.  He was educated in the city schools and at a commercial college in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  In June, 1881, he came to Sioux Falls and went into the First National bank, where he held the positions of bookkeeper and teller until September, 1885, when he went to Illinois and spent the winter, returning to Sioux Falls in the spring of 1886.  He then became connected with John Lewis in the loan and insurance business for some time, and then engaged in real estate and loan business by himself until February, 1891, when the State Banking and Trust company of Sioux Falls was organized, and Mr. Hollister became its president, which position he has since held.  Although a young man he has established a good business reputation and is proving to be a successful banker.  Socially he is up to the standard.

HOLT, William H., was born in Connecticut, July 13, 1846.  When four years of age he removed with his parents to New York city.  He afterwards lived in Ohio and Iowa, and came to Sioux Falls in 1871 from Cherokee with William VanEps.  For several years after coming to Sioux Falls he was in the employ of Mr. VanEps, and also worked for C.K. Howard several years.  He was deputy county clerk in 1871-2.  In 1873 he was appointed sheriff to fill vacancy, C.A. Lindstrom, who had been elected, having failed to qualify.  Mr. Holt was village clerk for the years 1880-1-2, and city clerk and auditor from 1882 until May 1892.  He has for a good many years been prominent in Masonic matters, officially and otherwise.  He commenced in the insurance business in 1886, but abandoned it to engage in farming in 1893.
     “Billy Holt” has some traits of character that make him popular.  He is a stayer in everything he undertakes, and no one will ever charge him of deserting a friend.  He is a genial, good fellow, and as full of sand as a man can be and have any reasonable prospects of a long life.  It is not too much to say that there are but few men better known in the county, and he has a host of friends.

HOWARD, Charles K., a pioneer closely connected with the early settlement of this section of the country, was born in Delaware county, New York, May 17, 1839.  His father was a hotel keeper, and he worked about his father’s hotel and attended the district schools until he was about eighteen years of age, when he went to an academy at Hamilton, New York, for one year.  At twenty years of age he went to Sioux City, Iowa, and commenced trading in land and town lots, making a little money, but losing it in the fall of 1857, when everything became demoralized in the West.  He then went into the employ of the American Fur Company at Fort Pierre, where he remained two years.  His next business was steamboating on the Missouri river—two years as a pilot and two years as captain of the boat.  In 1863 he went into the drug business in Sioux City.  Soon after the establishment of a military post at Sioux Falls he became interested in a sutler’s store there.  This business, however, was in charge of his employees and Mr. Howard himself did not come to Sioux Falls to reside until a year to two later.
     His history after coming to Sioux Falls is what we have principally to record, and it is more unique and interesting than that of any other person who has ever resided in Minnehaha county.  When he first came to Sioux Falls there were only the government buildings and a stone building in the rear where the Norton-Murry block now stands.  He first moved into the officer’s quarters, and afterwards lived in the stone house for a year.  After the sutler’s trade had come to an end he kept on in trade mostly with the Indians until immigration began to bring white people to Sioux Falls and vicinity.  He had a trading post at Flandreau, and his trade there and at Sioux Falls was principally in furs.  One spring he purchased not less than 75,000 rat skins besides other furs.  He remained in the mercantile business in Sioux Falls until he sold out to D. Elwell in 1883.
     Mr. Howard erected the first frame building in Sioux Falls on the corner of Phillips avenue and Tenth street—a small building for a store—and soon after he built a small residence near by.  During his residence in the city he built a large number of buildings, and the second brick building in the county.
     Soon after the immigration had set in, and the settlers had commenced cultivating the soil, the grasshoppers came and devoured the crops.  It was during that time that his big-hearted man endeared himself to the pioneer settlers of Minnehaha county.  He not only kept up his own courage, but encouraged others to hold on, and with a generous hand helped them to do so.  He said to the writer that at one time he had at least one hundred thousand dollars charged on his books.  About this time D.B. Hubbard of Mankato shipped in ten car load of flax, and Mr. Howard distributed it among the farmers who had no seed.  The story is frequently told, and it is strictly in accordance with the facts, that a farmer who resided in Sverdrup went to Mr. Howard after having fought grasshoppers in vain for two years in endeavoring to save his crops, and said to him:  “I have got 160 acres of land and a team.  I am discouraged, and I want to sell you my team, and leave the country.”  Mr. Howard told him to stay and put in his corps, and he would guarantee his thirteen bushels of wheat per acre that season if he would give him all he raised in excess.  The farmer agreed, and a contract was drawn up to that effect and signed, and the crops put in.  In the fall Mr. Howard received about seven hundred bushels of wheat under the terms of this contract.  The farmer referred to still resides in Sverdrup and is in good circumstances.
     Mr. Howard was a pioneer in all that the term implies.  He has seen quite a portion of the present site of Sioux City as Indian corn field, and when he first camped at Yankton there was not a house nearer to his tent than 65 miles, and the nearest railroad station was St. Joseph, Missouri, and when he first came to Sioux Falls there was only one house on the road between here and Sioux City.  During the first years of his residence in Sioux Falls he did quite a large business in freighting to and from Sioux City.  This was done with ox-teams driven by Indians.
     In speaking of blizzards he said:  “The January blizzard of 1888, was nothing compared with the blizzards of the sixties and seventies.  I was one time coming from Sioux City to Sioux Falls with a pair of mules and got caught in one near where Canton is now located.  I turned the mules loose and got myself into a hole in the ground-a trapper’s ranch-and remained three nights and two days.  I had nothing with me to eat, but the second day I found some kernels of corn and some small traps in the dugout, and I set the traps in front of the hole and succeeded in catching three prairie chickens, which I cooked and ate.  After the storm was over I found my mules safe; they had found shelter in some brush on the bank of the river.  I was camped at Fort Thompson the year of the Sully Expedition.  There were 600 horses and mules killed in a blizzard at that place.  During the winter of 1866-7 I had about 1,000 head of Texas cattle about five miles up the river from Sioux Falls, and a blizzard came on, killing about 250 of them-65 being found in a little sag.  It was a curious sight to see the long horns sticking up through the snow-the snow was deep that year.  I remember a blizzard in the sixties that occurred on the 14th day of April, and about eighteen inches of snow fell.  Some Indian trappers were at Wall Lake and five or six of them died during the storm.  I brought them in, made a box and buried them.  But the old-fashioned blizzards are among the by-gones.”
     Mr. Howard was the first president of the village board of Sioux Falls, and was treasurer of the County of Minnehaha for eleven successive years.  After disposing of his mercantile interests to Mr. Elwell, Mr. Howard went on to a large farm about four miles west of the city, where he remained until the spring of 1890, at which time he went to the Black Hills country in charge of the Dakota Cattle Company, where he still remains, and his host of friends are pleased to know that he is having great financial success in the business. No comments are necessary in writing a biographical sketch of a man like C.K. Howard, for the bare statement of his doings during a busy life are more explicit and satisfactory than any assertions or conclusions of the writer could possibly be.

HOWE, Solomon B., was born at McLean, Tompkins county, N.Y., March 3, 1862.  He attended the district school and the academy at his home until 1878; was then employed with his father surveying for five years, and taught school for some time, until he removed to Dakota.  He arrived at Valley Springs in this county April 11, 1884, where he was engaged as school teacher.  When the Illinois Central railroad was built from Cherokee to Sioux Falls, he had charge of the surveying from Cherokee to Onowa.  In the spring of 1889 he entered the office of D.C. Rice, city engineer of the city of Sioux Falls, and remained his assistant until June 22, 1893, when Mr. Rice died, and Mr. Howe was appointed city engineer to fill the vacancy.  During the next two years he held no official position, but was engaged in surveying; in 1896 was again appointed city engineer, and has held this position since then.  Mr. Howe is of genial temperament, well liked, makes a good official, and is a respected citizen.

HOWIE, Matthew, is a native of Waukesha county, Wis., and was born in May, 1851.  He received a common school education, and then engaged in the grocery business, and in buying and selling stock.  He came to Sioux Falls by stage from Yankton in April, 1878, and soon after opened a butcher shop, and engaged in buying and selling stock for twelve years.  He then took up the real estate business, in which he still continues.  He is a respected citizen.

HOWLAND, W.I., was born in Janesville, Wisconsin, September 15, 1859.  He came to the city of Dell Rapids in March, 1883, and engaged in the mercantile business until 1895.  At that time he removed to Sioux Falls to assume the duties of county auditor.  In 1896 he was renominated to that office by acclamation by the Republican party, but the fusion of the Democrats and free silver Republicans with the Populists defeated him at the election.  He made a good official and was deservedly popular with those doing business with the office.  After retiring from office he engaged in the insurance business at Sioux Falls for about one year, and then was appointed internal revenue collector, which office he still holds.  Mr. Howland is an enterprising, honest upright citizen.

HUBBARD, C.W., was born at Vernon, Windham county, Vermont, February 22, 1849.  He received a good education, and when he was twenty-one years of age commenced business for himself in the vicinity of his birth-place.  In 1875 he located in St. Paul, and became secretary for J.H. Drake, then connected with the land department of the Omaha railroad company.  In 1880 he came to Sioux Falls, and was secretary of the Queen Bee Mill company while the building was in the process of construction, and when completed, was its superintendent for a few months.  He next engaged in an extensive stone business, getting out paving blocks and stone for building purposes, and he also built several large public buildings by contract.  In 1890 he was elected to the lower house of the legislature of South Dakota, and in 1894 was elected sheriff of Minnehaha county; was again nominated by the Republican party in 1896, but the whole ticket was defeated.  In January, 1897, he removed to Chicago, Illinois.  He is a genial, kind hearted man, an enterprising citizen, and has a host of friends.

HULL, Rev. J.J., was born in Oswego county, N.Y., March 9, 1847.  When eight years of age he removed with his parents to Jefferson county, Wisconsin.  His father, who was a Baptist minister, settled his family in a log cabin in the woods, while he gave his time to preaching.  The subject of this sketch being the oldest of four children was compelled to work hard to help support the family, except during the winter when he attended the district school.  He was converted at the age of twenty-two years.
     In less than five weeks after this he preached his first sermon, and within a few months received a call to become the pastor of two churches, one at Grand Prairie, Wis., and the other at Columbian in the same state.  He remained with these church five years, and large additions were made to the membership during his ministry.  He also organized a church at Marcelon, Wis., with sixty members.  In February, 1884, he came to Sioux Falls to attend the funeral of his father.  The Free Baptist church of this place having just been organized with nine members, he received a call to become its pastor, which he accepted, and took up his residence in Sioux Falls on the 13th day of May, 1884.  The church flourished under his charge during the two years he remained its pastor.  At that time he removed to Valley Springs, where he built up a prosperous church, remaining there until April 1, 1890.  He then returned to Sioux Falls to take charge of the Free Baptist church, which, during his residence at Valley Springs, had greatly diminished in membership, but he soon had it in a prosperous condition.  In 1891 he went to New England and in a short time raised $9,000 for the endowment of a Free Baptist college at Winnebago City, Iowa.  In October, 1892, he was a delegate to a general conference of his denomination at Lowell, Mass., and while there received the sobriquet of “Cyclone Hull.”  He remained pastor of the Free Baptist church at Sioux Falls until he removed to Winnebago City, Iowa, in June, 1893.

HUNTER, Henry R., was born in Delaware county, N.Y., November 19, 1840.  He was reared on a farm, and attended the public schools until sixteen years old, when he was employed about the hotel business in which his father then engaged.  During the last years of the civil war he was connected with the quartermaster’s department of the Third Division of the Seventeenth Corps.  After the war he engaged in the hotel business in Wisconsin and Iowa until he removed to this county, arriving in Sioux Falls on the 17th day of May, 1870.  His father, who took up a quarter section in section twenty-eight in Sioux Falls township, died in 1881, and the subject of this sketch lived on this place until 1894, when he removed to Minnesota.  In March, 1899, he returned to Sioux Falls, where he now resides.  During his first term of residence in Sioux Falls he engaged in farming, and in the livery and real estate business, was in the early seventies a newspaper correspondent, and held several township offices.  He is a good citizen, and has a wide circle of friends.

HURST, Samuel H., was born in Rochester, New York, March 25, 1854.  In 1862 he removed with his parents to Rochelle, Illinois, where he attended the public schools, and Mount Morris Seminary.  When about twenty years of age, having become an expert baseball player, he was employed by baseball companies for three seasons.  In November, 1877, he came to this county and located in Sioux Falls, where he has since been employed in the lumber business.  He is now serving his seventh year as alderman of the Fourth ward.  He is a man with positive elements in his make-up, is a good official and a good citizen.  He is prominent in the order of Odd Fellows, and has a host of friends.

HUTCHINSON, John W., was born at Thorntown, Boone county, Indiana, on the 15th day of August, 1851.  When three years of age he removed with his parents to Winneshiek county, Iowa.  He was reared on a farm, and received his education in the common schools and in the high school at Decorah, Iowa.  At seventeen years of age he commenced teaching school, and taught five terms in all.  At twenty-one years of age he entered the employ of a firm of insurance agents and dealers in agricultural implements, and remained there until he removed to Sioux Falls on the 22d day of May, 1873.  He then entered the employ of C.K. Howard, having in charge his grain and machinery business until October, 1880.  He has always been engaged in speculation, and his good judgment and business qualifications have made him successful so that for the last few years he has been kept busy taking care of his accumulations.  He has always taken a hand in local politics, but has never sought official promotion and has held no office except that of chief of the city fire department for three terms.  Independent, energetic, possessed of rare good sense and a thorough knowledge of human nature, he has become a factor in the affairs of the city, and has a host of friends within his extensive circle of acquaintances.

HYDE, Frank R., was born at Pittsfield, Pike county, Illinois, December 10, 1858; when six years old he removed with his parents to Lincoln, in the same state, where he attended the district schools and the Lincoln college; in 1878 became clerk in a drygood store, and remained five years; in 1883 went to Potter county, Dakota, and took up a quarter section of land, and remained there and at Blunt three years; in 1886 went to Missouri and engaged in farming two years; came to Sioux Falls May 19, 1888, and bought Hills & Beebe’s abstract books, and opened an abstract office.  In 1888 the Sioux Falls Abstract and Title Insurance Company was incorporated, and his abstract business was consolidated with it, but he and H.M. Avery owned a controlling interest in the stock.  In 1897 the company was reorganized, and he still has an interest in it.  In April, 1895, he was appointed superintendent of Bradstreet & Company’s business in South Dakota, and olds this position at the present time.  Mr. Hyde is an energetic, industrious business man, and a highly respected citizen.